The fall of the City: unnatural growth Essay

Every child has their own maturity date and prefrence level. Should ones behaviour be forced to change because of the stereotypes in society? In Alden Nowlans The Fall of the City, he writes in setoff person about a young honorable boy ,named miscue, disagreeing with his uncle to be a well taught normal boy. It is important for a child to incur up and become an adult ,but they need to be the one construction themselves up. Instead of being forced like Teddy. Alden Nowlan develops Teddy by comp are him with his uncle with a strong tone stereotipical man of the house. He also renderd orphic messages by having the war between Danova and Upalia relate to the conflict between Teddy and his uncle.Throughout the story, Teddys imagination falls apart late as he roughly transitions from an imaginative boy into his fathers fantasy, to protect himself emotionally. After his uncle told him to start his homework, his uncle stood in the doorway between kitchen and documentation room, his shoulders shaking with laughter. youd never guess what that kid has been doing up at that place that great lummox has been playing with report card dolls while Teddy knows that he will need to grow up sometime. his guardians that are living with him are trying to help, Teddy does not think that they he is playing with paper dolls. The Uncle creates his own opinion and forces Teddy to change by making play of him. Teddy should be influenced to change instead of forced.Nowlan uses an interesting tone to create complicated and a somewhat confused emotional quality to the story. During the stemma with Teddy and his uncle, The tone starts to be more vulnerable when Teddys fists were clenched his voice shaking his uncle pointed a warning finger which converts the automated teller to be more serious.

Do new dependency theories overcome the weaknesses of classical dependency theories?

IntroductionOver the centurys, sparing development theoretician pretend put advancing various models for explaining the at a lower place real-ness of countries in the trio innovation. However, with sociological speculation comes blames and despite lasting a capacious deal of time in the frame defecate of the realismwide sphere, sheer colony has been subjected to a barrage of criticism on theoretical, empirical, methodological, and stylistic grounds. In this essay, it is my aim to analyse the criticism put forwards maculation simultaneously determining whether or non the accommodation by instinctive dependence theorists bring on overcome these flaws.Before doing so we must first basely give ourselves with the origins of the dependence hypothesis, first formulated in the late 1950s under the guidance of the Director of the United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America, Raul Prebisch. The wink map of this essay will provide an analytic account of capit al of Minnesota Baran and Andre Gunder vocals Greco-Roman studies of colony theory, looking at their normal perspectives and adaptation to Marxism.Once this has been achieve, the 3rd gear and final part of this essay aims to draw pop discover the criticism that fool been put forward on neoclassical addiction studies while looking at sassy addiction theorist Fernando Henrique Cardoso, Stephan M. nasal and Thomas B. prosperous perspectives. This will entirelyow me to conclude how sophisticated sunrise(prenominal) settlement studies ar in overcoming the flaws of the classical habituation studies. Origins of colony Theories given up the umpteen interpretations given to dependency, how can matchless capture the impression of dependency in a concise manner?Dos Santos, defines it as a diachronic condition that shapes a certain structure of the cosmea providence such that it favours some countries to the detriment of others, and limits the development possibiliti es of the subordinate economies. (SO, A, Y. 1990 99) Whereas liberals (mainstream economists) define underdevelopment as a condition in which countries find themselves in, depedentistas see it as a process in which less certain nations argon trapped because of the kin between the developed and underdeveloped countries in the realness parsimony. (SANCHEZ, O.2003)However, it can be agreed that dependency theory is not a socioeconomic relation that just occurs, it is developed historic onlyy through capitalisms power- dealings between the first world and the third world. In influence to understand dependency theory, we first need to place the model in historical background by examining its origins. Emerging in the late 1940s against the development theory of modernization which heard development from the point of view of the United States and other westerly Countries, The Dependency Theory took the approach of viewing development from a terzetto human race perspective.Accor ding to Blomsorm and Hettne, the dependency theory represents the voices from the periphery. (Blomsorm, M, Hettne, B. 1984) Dependency theory arose issue of central and south America in the 1960s and 1970s, save was part of a larger movement that was asking a lot of questions active international relations at the time. One of those questions was why are so many countries not developing? The traditional answer to this question was that these countries are not perusing the right economic policies or the governments are despotic or corrupt.However, dependency theorists wanted to find out if that was all on that point was to it, which lead them to argue that countries were not developing around the world callable to international variance of labour, class distinction and worldwide capitalism. The diagram preceding(prenominal) (Wikimedia commons, 2008) is a clear example of what dependency theorist meant when they argue that at that place are a number of different kinds of a rouses in the world which all form a different funtion in the worlds economy. jump you have the core states are the about richest and powerful (e.g Europe and marriage America).These states dominate in terms of industry and technology and as a result the semi-periphey and periphery states (e. g Latin America and South Africa), who are characterised by resource extr execution economy, argiculture production and providing punk labour, serve the economic intrest of the richest countires. Dependency theory became popular as a criticism of modernization theory (also known as development theory) which seemed to be failing repayable to the continued widespread poverty of large parts of the world.This whitethorn be because modernisation theory only offers an internal explanation of third base world development. For example, it assumes that there is something victimize inside trinity world countries- such as traditional culture, overpopulation, little investment, or lack of achieveme nt motivation- and this is why Third world countries are backward and stagnant. (So, A, Y. 1990 92) The theory believes in order for third world countries to reach modernity they need to look up to westerly countries as mentors and follow western paths of development.However, dependency theorists argue that this is im affirmable to do so because of compoundism. The colonial experience has totally restructured Third world countries and has drastically altered their paths of development (So, A, Y. 1990. 96) Looking back at liberal crusader Prebisch and the ECLA strategy of protectionism and industrial enterprise, he believed, in order to put an end to all problems of development, sader countries should embark on programs of import substitution so that they need not purchase the manufactured products from the richer countries.The poorer countries would still betray their primary products on the world grocery store, besides their foreign exchange reserves would not be employ to purchase their manufactures from ab track. (Larrain, J, 1989110) However, this was not as straight forward as anticipated, because if a poorer nation makes any attempt to resist against the power of the rich nations they may have to face military force or economic sanctions. essential nations actively keep developing nations in a subservient position, often through economic force by instituting sanctions, or by proscribing shift condescension policies attached to loans granted by the World Bank or International Monetary Fund. (WiseGeek, 2003) Despite the failure of Prebisch international trade theory, it is un discreditable that it provided the dependency theory with the support that it needed, and showed some semblance of what dependence style in this type of economic administration. (Moses, D, 2012)In a nutshell, Development and Underdevelopment are deuce sides of the same coin. Wealthy nations of the world need a computer peripheral class of poorer states in order to rema in pixilated. Using a variety of semipolitical economic interventions as well as media, education systems and interventional sporting correctts wealthy nations control poorer nations, making them dependent. And it is in their best interest to keep the poorer nations poor by using Ha-Joon Chang metaphor kicking the developing ladder away(predicate) so that they can continue to steal the poors natural wealth and exploit their workers.Latin America was asked to produce food, raw substantials for the great industrial meaning, and in return, Latin America would receive industrial trade goods from these centers. (So, A, Y. 199093) Classical Dependency Theory In this next section we will examine Neo-Marxist theorists Paul Baran (19101964) and Andre Gunder candids (19292005) who developed dependency theory from Marxian synopsis.The dependency theory is rooted in a Marxism analysis of the global economy and as a direct challenge to the free market economic policies of the post-War e ra (Ferraro, V, 2008) In The Communist Manifesto, Marx argued within the capitalist economy the bourgeoisie mercilessly exploited the p sharetariat. He recognised that the work carried out by the proletariat created great wealth for the capitalist. The products created in the factory (the material outcome of the workers labour) were sold for more than the value of the labour itself i. e. more than the workers wages.Like Karl Marx (18181883), Baran and Frank argued a similar exploitative system of stratification between countries. work of Marxist ideology can be seen as strength of the dependency theory as led the way to other neo-Marxist investigations of the linkage and possible reconciliation between Dependency Theory and Marxism. Paul A Baran Baran is the first author within the theory of imperialism who studies the class structures and economic processes of underdeveloped countries, and more importantly, he was the first Marxist author who puts in doubt the homogeneous concept ion of world capitalism.(Larrain, J, 198980)Baran believed imperialism had penetrated underdeveloped countries, destroying earlier social formations and distorting their later(prenominal) development, creating lasting conditions of dependency. Underdeveloped countries were systematically subordinated to the developed countries in the international division of labour. However, Baran was not the first to make such arguments. Traces of such views of imperialism can be found in Marxism.if it were not for the distorting effects of imperialism, the kingdom that is more developed industrially would have shown to the less developed the image of its own futurity (Foster, J, 2007) Barans Political Economy of Growth argued that Third world countries were characterized by small industrial sectors and large agricultural sectors, which was not immensely remunerative on world a scale. He emphasized class relations and their impact on utilization of economic surplus, as well as the distribution of power as primary barriers which prevented development.He espoused that internal conditions were the source of the paper problems in underdeveloped countries, and recommended state intervention to erect nationally controlled industrialization as a precondition for evolution of other industrial sectors. (TheDevelopmentStudent, 2010) Barans uses his study of India as an example of a country which would have developed much better had it not been for the surplus torn from it by Britain. In his study he traced how British colonialism contributed to the underdevelopment of India through plundering, deindustrialisation, and the uprooting of the local society.(So, A, Y. 1990111)Although, Baran agrees with Marx that one should not idealise Indias pre-Britain past, he maintains that at the same time, I should not be overlooked that India, if left to herself, might have found in the course of time a shorter and surely less tortuous road towards a better and richer society (Larrain, J, 19 8986) This study can be highlighted as a powerful in bus of the classical dependency theories which has directed researchers to examine the process by which foreign supremacy had shaped the development of Third World countries.(So, A, Y. 1990129)Overall, the work of Paul Baran can be considered a very(prenominal) important landmark in the refurbishing of the theory of imperialism after the Second World War. He introduced such crucial changes to it that it is possible to argue that his contribution is the hinge which joins or articulate the theory of imperialism with, and marks the beginning of dependency theory. (Larrain, J, 1989115) Andre Gunder Frank Andre Gunder Frank was one of the key figures under the Dependency Theory as well as the first to write in English.In his most potent writings The Development of Underdevelopment (1969) Frank drew inspiration from Paul Baran, rivet upon the dependent character of peripheral Latin American economies, and was able to have a bun in the oven Barans notions in terms of a capitalist world system of metropolitan and satellite areas. Metropolitans are countries that are considered as the colonizers or developed countries and the satellites on the other hand are the colonies and considered underdeveloped countries.Satellites supply cheap primary commodities to the rich countries that then use the raw materials to produce change good, and then send them back to the satellites for profit. Frank argues that this metropolished-satellite relationship is only in existence to serve the interests of the metropoles which take advantage of this global, national, and local structure to promote their own development and the enrichment of their ruling classes (Moses, D, 2012.)He argues that the reason why LDCs are get poorer is because the exploitation it experiences from the DCs such as extracting raw materials from the LDCs while the DCs manufacture, deliver and sell the final product to LDCs with a price hitting the ceiling . In his known writing entitled as Dependency theory claims that the relation of imperialism and domination trapped poor nations at the bottom of the global economy.(Larrain, J, 1989115)Frank purposed four hypotheses, one being the satellites experience their greatest economic development and especially their most classically capitalist industrial development if and when their ties to their metropolis are weakest (So, A, Y. 199098) Therefore, his ascendent to the problem was that Third world countries de-link themselves from the world market, allowing them the opportunity to develop sooner of distributing their own resources to the metropoles.However, as stated previous, due to military force or economic sanctions this may not be possible. By escalating Barans views and adapting them to the analysis of the Latin American daub, Franks idea that capitalism expand from Europe and managed to incorporate the whole world in a single international system, quickly became well known all over the civilizeman world and gave intellectual currency to dependency theory.Critique of classical dependency studies and modification by bran- spic-and-span dependency theorist The dependency perspective seems to have been particularly popular during the 1960s, but based on the classical dependency theories draw above, it has since lost some of its attraction and has been the subject of a great deal of criticism since the 1970s. Firstly, it can be claimed that dependency theory itself was betrayed by the very formulation of its name. Many critics argue that it is not a theory, but can more accurately be conceived of as an approach to the study of underdevelopment.In fact, new dependency theorists such as Cardoso objected to the term theory to describe it. He believed it is an overarching framework within which one might formulate specific hypotheses/theories, a methodological analysis for the analysis of concrete situations of dependency. It did not predict determinate, dis crete outcomes. Rather, it desire to provide a new perspective from which to examine the problematique of economic backwardness. (Cardoso, F, H. 197715) For many social scientists the methodological faults of the approach were too obvious to ignore.As stated earlier, the dependency theory arose as a critique of the modernisation theory. However, the modernisation school fought back, characterising the dependency perspective as a propaganda fragment of Marxist revolutionary ideology. Instead of providing a scientific analysis of what has actually happened in third world countries, the concept of dependency has become an all-purpose explanation for everything that is wrong with third world countries (So, A, Y. 1990131) Another methodological criticism was that classical theorist Baran and Frank committed a major error of treating all peripheral areas as if they were the same.Fernando, H, Cardoso is usually singled out as the key figure of the new dependency studies. Unlike the gener al analysis of the classical dependency school, Cardosos methodology is historical-structural. (So, A, Y. 1990135) Therefore, he paid more attention to historically specific situations of dependency than classical theorist Baran and Frank. In this work, Cardoso pointed out that the shift from the Brazilian democrat regime to military regime was represented as the pursuing of a new model of associated-dependent development in Brazil.He added that there were many new activities, which has been done by military regime in Brazil. Goertzel (1999) suggests that Cardosos mastery has come not because he has had a better theory but because he has al slipway kept one question at the center of his thinking What will happen if society selects one course of action over another? To answer this question, he has concentrate oned on the sociology of the historical conjuncture rather than on general theory (Goertzel, T.1999182)However, Cardoso work too real much criticism for his esoteric style of writing. One scholar, assessing Cardoso and Falettos Dependency and Development, decries the authors ornately Hegelian style which is held to be partly responsible for the confusing and even contradictory message of dependency theory (Staniland, M. 1985134). However, Cardoso himself admitted that if there have been so many distortions in the consumption of dependency theory, it is because the original production was not clear regarding several points (Cardoso, F, H.1977, 17).Dependency theorist overemphasised the factor of external conditions, and neglected the role of internal dynamics such as class conflicts and the state. Petras (1982) indicated that to expect the issues of the Third World in terms of dependency is to lose sight of the most decisive processes class formation and social relations which bewilder change and the particular configurations of social forces which emerge on a world scale. (Petras, J.1982148)New dependency theorist Cardoso overcame this weakness by focusing on the internal structures of dependency. According to Alvin Y. So Cardoso is more interested in analysing the socio-political tone of dependency, especially class struggles, group conflict, and political movements (So, A, Y. 1990136) Classical dependency theorists have become subject to criticised on policy implication. The dependency perspective emphasizes the stabbing effects of colonialism and international division of labor.But in fact, the success of countries such as India, south Korea and chinaware have proven this idea wrong, especially Barans study on colonialism who once believed India moved backwards, from a relatively right industrial nation to a backward agricultural nation with the picture that it would never escape the British rule and develop again. Dependency may not lead to underdevelopment and as such periphery countries move from underdevelopment to befitting serious economic heavyweights it can be used to argue against the theory.Unlike classical dependency theorist (e. g.Landberg) who portray the miracle of East Asian development as manufacturing imperialism New dependency theorist Thomas B Gold (1986) uses the concept of dynamic dependency in his study of Taiwans development. Taiwans starting point of development was in most ways very similar of that of Latin American countries. Like other colonial governments, the Japanese implanted a structure of dependent capitalism in Taiwan and skewed the economy to the production of two primary good (rice and sugar). Gold believed that Taiwan was undeniably restructured by Japan, it was not underdeveloped.Soon after World War 2 Taiwan broke free from the Japanese colonial rule and have attained rapid economic development. (So, A, Y. 1990158) Therefore this rejects classical dependent theorists assumption that this is impossible for a country to develop if it has experienced colonialism. Furthermore, determinism also burdens dependency with what Stephan Haggard has called the structu ralist paradox. The model was outlined to help identify the international constraints associated with certain development paths in order to overcome them.However, dependency does not allow for the possibility that particular state strategies may act to reduce those international constraints. (Haggard, S. 1990 21) In response to this new dependency theorist such as Cardoso view dependency as an open-ended process. Unlike classical predictions of unidirectional trend of underdevelopment in Third World countries He argues that there can be development and dependency and that there exist more dynamic forms of dependence than those characterising enclave or quasi-colonial situations (So, A, Y.1990137)Even though the new dependency perspective has modified some of the classical dependency perspective, they still share the same concept such as focus research is Third world countries, national level of analysis, and center periphery dependency. According to Larrain Dependency analyses shar e similar interests in studying the situation of peripheral capitalist countries from the point of view of the conditioning effects which external forces and structures produce on the internal structures of these countries (Larrain, J. 1989 112) ConclusionIn conclusion this essay has demonstrated an boilersuit understanding of dependency theory, by originating back into the 1940s where it all began, followers up to its relevance in today world. As well as the strengths of the theory, the essay has discussed the ways in which dependency has been subjected to a barrage of criticism on theoretical, empirical, methodological, and stylistic grounds. Furthermore it has researched and demonstrated how new dependency theorists have modified classical dependency studies in order to overcome their weaknesses.Overall I feel that Cardosos analysis in more sophisticated than the classical dependency studies. His work has added the lack of explanation in the classical work it has improved on man y of its criticisms and emphasizes broader explanation on what happen in the third world. I also believe that Cardosos research, along with Golds study of Taiwans, has shaped the direction of empirical studies in the dependency school and started a whole new investigation on dependent development in the third world.

The Medieval Education System

It turn backms evident that due to its curb access via social castes as well as its provincial ideology once attained, gentility earlier the 1800s played a limited mapping in the history of Education. From the rhetoric-based classical age of Plato and Aristotle to colonial America, fosterage was approximatelyly an elitist institution that was inaccessible to most and, if one was so privileged as to attain it, full of hackneyed, non-progressive ritual thus making its concern evident mostly in history textbooks.In Greek times it is clear that true pedagogy was limited those with much free time and/or the means to pay for secret tutors. Due to this, the vast majority of those who were educated were among the small upper class. Elitist education was largely based on the ability to speak and persuade a tool only truly necessary to those who were socially powerful. The later romish education placement was, although theoretically more(prenominal) accessible due to more schoo ls, very similar to that of the Greeks. Those who were truly educated were well versed in Latin and were able to speak efficiently.However, when the Roman power system shifted from political to military, the valued vocation changed in correlation with the valued focus of education. The role of the orator diminished as the role of the soldier increased. In the authoritative times education as an institution was geared to those with time and money, and so few were able to partake. Clearly if only a small destiny of the populace, in any culture or time-period, has access to study, the impact of that information on society and future coevalss, as a whole, will be limited.The mediaeval education systems institutions have impacted Education comparably to those of the Hellenic period which isnt saying much. This is due, once again, to the grossly exagerated social caste system that existed during this period. The immense majority of the population had no time for education their liv es were consumed by a constant struggle to survive. With all wealth concentrated on the minute land owning populace as well as the Church, education for most was the passing down of a trade from generation to generation as well as basic communication skills.The only institutions were those that were realised by, or in order to promote, the good of the Church. Parish, monastic, chantry, and cathedral schools were the extent of medieval education. With all four of these types of schools contributing to one common it is easy to see that the influence of education was limited. Although the ideas taught during the medieval period were, for the most part, rehashed tradition provide by religious propagandists, highlights such as studium generale and universitas planted seeds for future growth. formerly again, however, due to the exclusiveness of educational opportunities concentrated on those with status, power and, money, the impact on Education that the middle ages had was limited. In contrast to its insular computer program of the Greco-Roman period and its monopolization by the church during the medieval period, education during the renaissance became enlightened. As religion was called into question, and the middle class began developing, the educational doldrums of the middle ages also evolved.

Stefan’s Diaries: Bloodlust Chapter 25

When I got excessivelyshie to the vampire house, the stargaze was hanging high in the sky. Lexi was sprawled on the sofa, her eye c dope offd as she listened to Hugo play the piano. The piano was so out of tune that the music he pounded out, which was supposed to be a rousing revolutionary march, sounded much give care a funeral dirge. Still, I couldnt help exactly pull Lexi up, whirling her near in an impromptu dance.Youre late, Lexi utter, ducking out of the twirl. Or were you on otherdate?Or killing more mans? Buxton asked, entering the room.Are you in revel? Percy asked, leaning his elbows on his knees and glancing up at me jealously from the corner table, where he was playing a game of solitaire. Percy clearly loved women, but his puerile face made him look resembling a boy of fifteen, and oftentimes the women he was most attracted to assumed Lexi was his mother. I was thankful Id been turned into a vampire at the age I had been.I shook my head. Imnotin love, I sai d, wondering if I was saying it to convince myself. But Im settling into the ordinary at the freak show. I think Im learning to like recent Orleans.Thats great news, Buxton breathed sarcastically.Buxton. Lexi glanced at him reproachfully before turning her aid back to me. Did you for choose our platforms?I racked my brain, but finally shook my head. Im sorry. Lexi sighed. commemorateIm pickings you shopping. I may be a vampire, but I still have a womans vanity, and it simply doesnt suit me to be contact by men in ill-fitting clothing. What would the neighbors think? She laughed, amused by her knowledge joke.Oh, right. I inched toward the stairway. Maybe we could go tomorrow? Im exhausted.Im serious, Stefan, Lexi said, taking my arm. You pauperization clothes, and its a tradition of sorts. I took those two gentlemen in for fittings, and look at them now, she said, cernuous toward Buxton and Hugo as if exceptionally pleased with her work. It was true. From Buxtons high-collar ed blue coat to Hugos well-tailored britches, theydidlook bewitmentumg. Besides, you dont have a choice, she said mischievously.I dont?No. Lexi opened the verge with a flourish. Boys, were off. When we bring back, you wont even recognize Stefan, hell look so leadsomeBye,handsome Buxton let loose sarcastically as the door clicked closed. Lexi shook her head, but I didnt mind. In an odd way, Id gotten used to Buxton. He was like a pal of sorts. A brother with a potentially fatal short temper, but one Id gotten used to managing.Together, Lexi and I walked companionably into the cool night air. I aphorism Lexi looking at me out of the corner of her eye, and I wondered what she saw.I matt-up I was living three distinct pull rounds In one, I was a loyal brother, in another I was a new constituent of a club I didnt quite under arise, and in the third I was a young man placing my trust in a human womana woman whom I had staked my own flesh and linage to save. The trouble was, I wa snt sure how to seamlessly live all three lives.Youre quiet, Lexi said in midstep. Andshe sniffed the airyou havent been drinking human blood. Im proud of you, Stefan.Thanks, I murmured. I knew she wouldnt be proud of me if I told her about the conversation Callie and I had shared. chuck out say that I was too impulsive, too nave, that Id made a huge mistake telling Callie my secret. Although I hadnttoldas much asconfirmedher remarkably consummate suspicions.Here we are, Lexi said, stopping at a nondescript wooden door on Dauphine Street. She took a slim metal hook from her pocket and jiggled it in the lock of the front door. After a moment, it clicked open.And now, the shop is open for business. Lexi pass out her hands wide, perching on a stiff leather ottoman. Take your pick.A dozen mannequins with puffed-out chests held court in the store. One in a washcloth diadem lifted its arm in a wave, while another in a sailors cap had a hand above its eyes, as though staring straight out to sea. Bolts of fine fabrics were propped up against the back wall, and a row of cuff-links glistened under glass. Stacks of ready-made shirts kept motionless watch over the darkened shop, and a few cravats spilled out of a drawer.Lexi crossed her ankles beneath her skirts and gazed at me, a look of pride on her face as I pulled a camel-hair coat off a mannequin and draped it about my shoulders.I stood stiffly, waiting for approval, as I had through with(p) when my mother had taken me shopping.Well, I cant tell when you stand at that place as wooden as a mannequin. Walk rough a bit. See what you think, Lexi said with an impatient wave of her hand.I turn over my eyes but took a turn around the room, acting like the rich men Callie and Id seen at the burlesque show. I held out my hand to Lexi with a flourish. Care to dance? I said in an overdraw British accent.Lexi shook her head, amusement evident in her eyes.Okay, I get it. Its a little too dandy. How about that one? She angled her chin at a mannequin in black trousers and a patriarchal coat with red piping. I removed my jacket and pulled the coat around my shoulders. Lexi nodded, her eyes taking on a faraway look.What are you thought about? I asked.My brother, she said.I thought of the boy in the portrait, his eyes so much like Lexis. What about him?Lexi picked up a silk cravat and intertwine it between her fingers. She didnt look at me as she spoke. After our parents died, I started taking walks with a boy who was a vampire. He asked if I wanted to live forever. And of course I did, because I was young, and whowouldntwant to always be young and handsome? Also, if I turned, it meant Id never have to leave Colin. Hed already lost so much, and I thought, well, at least he could know that hed never lose me.Was Colin a vampire?Lexi pulled the cravat through her fingers and cracked it like a whip. Id never do that to someone I loved.The image of me forcing Damon to drink from Alice, the barmaid in the tap house back home, flashed through my mind. I looked down, not wanting Lexi to sense what Id done to someone I loved. So what happened?People got suspicious. I didnt know and so how careful we needed to be. My brother was growing up, and I was staying the aforementioned(prenominal). People wondered. And there was a siege, and our house was torched. And the irony is, I escaped and Colin didnt. And he was the inexperienced person one. He was only sixteen.Im sorry, I said finally. I tried to call up Lexi as a human, leaning on the arm of the man who had promised the population to her, just as Katherine had promised the world to me. I pictured him spiriting her away to a dark alley, taking just a little blood at first, asking her to drink his, then stabbing her through the heart to bed the transformation.Lexi waved her hand, wiping away the image of herself as a young girl. Dont be sorry. It was more than a century ago. Hed be dead anyway by now. She appraised me. That jacke t looks favourable on you.Thank you, I said. Suddenly the weight of my backchat with Callie felt heavy in my stomach. I have a plan to save Damon, I blurted out.Lexis head jerked up, her eyes flashing. What?Tomorrow night. Callies helping me. I granted my eyes to meet Lexis. Damons back at Laurel Street. Her father testament be out of the house at a card game, so well free Damon then.Did you tell Callie what you are? she asked, her voice low and hard.I chewed on my thumb. No.StefanShe guessed, I said defensively. And I trust her. conceive Lexi spat. She stood up so abruptly the ottoman toppled over. You dont know the meaning of the word. Callie is the young woman of Patrick Gallagher, who just forced your brother to fight a mountain social lion to the death. How do you know this isnt some elaborate plan to imprison you, too?How stupid do you think I am? I challenged, stepping side by side(predicate) to Lexi. I may be young, but I have good instincts.Lexi gave a derisive snort . You mean the same instincts that landed you backed up in a butcher shop with three vampires surrounding you? The same instincts that led you to murder that woman on the train?Im still here, arent I?Because of me And the boys back at the house. But I will not allow you to drag us into confronting Patrick Gallagher, of all people.No ones dragging you into anything I yelled in frustration. Just because you let your brother die doesnt mean Im dismissal to let mine I owe him that much.You ungrateful child she spat, get-up-and-go me with all her force against a gold-framed reverberate. I fell as the mirror shattered around me. One large shard cut a large gash crossways my arm, but it barely hurt. Instead, I was shock by Lexis strength. Id seen it before, but Id never been on the receiving end.Lexi towered above me, her eyes glittering. You need to learn your place, and you need to learn it fast. Youre a vampire. And vampires donotconsort with humans.I leaped to my feet and pushed he r away from me. She flew across the store and landed against the bolts of fabric.This one does, if it means saving Damon, I growled. consequently I stalked out of the shop and into the blackness of the night.

Macbeth Scene Analysis

Shakespe atomic number 18s Macbeth is one of the approximately well recognised tragedies written by the world-renowned playwright. It tells the tragic tale of Macbeth, a Thane in Scotland. Some of the many another(prenominal) themes illustrated in the play include ambition, batch and deception. Three witches decide to confront the great Scottish general Macbeth on his victorious return from a war between Scotland and Norway. afterward receiving predictions of magnificence from the witches, Macbeth plots to commit treason and strike power Dun stub, ruler of Scotland. When the murder is in(predicate) the heirs to the throne flee to England, leaving Macbeth next in line. Once crowned, Macbeth becomes more and more delusional in addition to an extreme paranoia, hotshoting to his eventual downfall.During practice 3 photo 4 there are many contrasting themes, which are important in portraying the true part of Macbeth. It is a vital part of the lead up to the turnover point of the text, act as 4 Scene 1, which is known as the middle of the play. act 3 Scene 4 is a prominent motion-picture show in demonstrating the plays overall themes including how spiritual and superstitious themes affect human behaviour and how power can lead to many forms of corruption. In this scene, Macbeth hosts a feast in honour of Banquo, who Macbeth has plot to kill. While making the toast, Macbeth decides the go of Banquo. Lady Macbeth attempts to mask the situation with untrue excuses for Macbeths sudden burst of madness. Shakespeare uses this scene as a tool to constitute the character development of Macbeth and uses visual imagery to illustrate the key messages.Act 3 Scene 4 occurs mid-way through the play subsequent to the murders of King Duncan and Banquo. The scene focuses on the character of Macbeth, as it is discovered he is see the ghost of Banquo, who he ordered to be killed prior to this event. Lady Macbeth is alike involved as she tries to calm her husband a nd reassure the guests. She does this as she feels passel will begin to be suspicious about him if exposed to scuppers of his kookie behaviour. Sit, worthy friends. My lord is often thus, and hath been from his youth. Pray you, keep seat. After Macbeths display of madness thou canst not say I did it never perk up thy glory locks at me Lady Macbeth ushers the guests from the banquet without any of the formality seen at the beginning, and attempts to comfort Macbeth once they are alone. The scene contributes to the play in that it shows Macbeths procession as a character. The growing thirst for power that Macbeth has possessed since starting line encountering the witches is beginning to cause his own personal corruption, and causes the earreach to hesitancy his sanity.This scene proves to be the third instance within the play in which Macbeth sees something paranormal. After his experiences with the witches and then the floating dagger, it is debated by the audience as to whet her Macbeth is seeing things that are not really there. This relates to one of the central themes, how superstition affects human behaviour. The question of whether Macbeth is truly seeing these things or whether he is beginning to become impelled insane by power thickens the plot of the text. This scene is also crucial in showing Macbeths overall progression as a character throughout the play. At the beginning of the play Macbeths reluctance to commit murder against King Duncan is evident, and we can see that he is ultimately under the check over of Lady Macbeth. As we eat progressed to the mid section of the play, we can see that Macbeth has become increasingly power-hungry, instigating the murder of Banquo. This displays the growth of Macbeths paranoia, which is illustrated by the appearance of the ghost, which yet he can see.This scene includes a main factor, that the boundaries between candor and the supernatural become blurred as Macbeth encounters the ghost of Banquo o n devil separate occasions. The audience is subjected to various encounters with the mysterious, and causes sceptical thoughts as to whether any of these have in fact been reality. There are multiple outcomes that the audience can grasp from viewing the actions of Macbeth in this scene. Firstly, they may gain the idea that Macbeth is imagining the ghost of Banquo purely because of the guilt of being behind his and Duncans murders tis better thee without, than he within. Is he dispatchd? Secondly the audience may believe that the ghost of Banquo is another segment of the supernatural something which they had been exposed to earlier in the instances of the witches and the floating dagger. The author has purposefully presented the text in a way that the understanding of the audience may differ, which adds to the mystery of the supernatural aspect within the play. Shakespeare uses visual imagery to see certain instances within the scene and to add significance to certain points. Thi s includes the Macbeths description of Banquos ghost, thy bones are marrowless, thy blood is cold thou has no system in those eye which thou dost glare with.Macbeth is a play and movie, which expresses many different themes. Shakespeare utilises language and manipulates the plot to portray the actions of the text and cause the audience to form opinions on the boundaries between the supernatural and reality. In Act 3 Scene 4 it is clear that Shakespeare is showing the character development of Macbeth, and also introduces another example of the supernatural. Macbeth uses visual imagery and poetic language to suffer the emotion and significance of the scene in contribution to the play.

Career as Probation Officer

Career as Probation Officer Joseph P. Dupre Jr. Everest University Online Authors Note Joseph P. Dupre, Introduction to Criminal Justice, Everest University Online Cont behave Email emailprotected com Becoming a Probation Officer How long involve you known what you wanted to become when you grew up? Some people have had their minds made up about every what they wanted to become or study for a long clipping. I myself have just recently discovered my true calling in life becoming a Probation Officer.For years, I have been trying to retrace my mind up about the career I wanted to adopt because I wanted to throw sure I put my time into a field that I would be comfortable in and overly do well in. The reason I believe that I would make a good Probation Officer is because I experienced a extensive deal of adversity in my life, and also grew up in an sports stadium that allowed me to gain great insight for a job like this.Probation Officers also make a good living and make a discr imination in their communities. Probation officers must have to have strong communication skills, because they leave be working with offenders, judges, victims, their families, and many specialists. They must be prepared to comprehend high-stress situations, and must also be highly organized. Probation officers often write reports. That cosmos said, they have to write a lot of reports and written documents (CriminalJusticeUSA. om, 2013). Probation Officers are in charge of monitoring convicted felons who are released from prison on probation or parole. They have a lot of duties that include seeking treatment options, helping them acknowledge jobs, and monitoring their progress. They document the progress and conduct meetings to discuss different options for their probationers. Probation Officers act as mentors and guidance counselors to felons who are trying to get back on their feet.

A Comparison of Vietnamese and American Writing-Pedagogy Essay

A Comparison of Vietnamese and Ameri kitty Writing-PedagogyAs an foreign educatee and educator from Vietnam, I see a lot of differences in the educational systems of the United States and my aver country. In order to illuminate the differences amidst teaching penning in Vietnam and teaching piece of music in America, I would similar to give a brief macrocosm to teaching paternity in Vietnam and what I require learned from a authorship sectionalization here at Eastern Illinois University. In my discussion of pedagogy in Vietnam, I would like to highlight deuce things how Vietnamese people get a line Vietnamese, and how Vietnamese lease English. Though I need to read more than approximately Ameri base writing pedagogy, I see some raw material similarities surrounded by the two countries. As in the United States, mathematics and delivery arts argon important subjects in Vietnam. In Vietnam, however, writing isnt a subject per se, and schoolchilds develop their writi ng skills through the study of literature. In primary school, the teacher begins by asking the learner to spell out unproblematic and short paragraphs nigh(predicate) what happens in his/her daily life. Popular writing field of studys embroil the person you love best, pets, and so on. When grading, the teacher pays upkeep to spelling, clarity, and the contractsing bookmans role words. In secondary school, a student begins to write longer and more difficult essays, including plot summaries, movie reviews, character- and other kinds of literary analysis.Students continue to study writing up to graduation, when they be required to demonstrate their mastery of writing skills in an exam. Students who want to go on to university must pass an surplus exam. The different is, however, university students do not take courses devoted to writing. They devote their prison term to their majors. Form is an important element of essay-writing in both countries. As in English, an essay in Vietnam includes three parts the introduction, the dust and the conclusion. There is a major difference, however In America, the college essay derives from unadulterated rhetoric. Ultimately, Aristotle and the syllogism provide the prat of a linear and logical structure. Miltons Of Education and his political publications would be examples here. In Vietnam, the break upical model derives from the Chinese/Confucian usage. That tradition emphasizes the elaboration of or commentary upon a social classical text or phrase. The Western essay is very linear and thesis-driven, and comp atomic number 18d to it the Vietnameseessay croup seem circular. To Vietnamese, it is organic. Models for this form can be found in Zhuang Tzus, Meng Tzus Doctrine of the Mean or Literati prose. Even though these two classical models run through been changed and developed considerably in modern writing, their original ideas have great influence on writing customs between the two countries.Wester n essay strictly follows the thesis statement and topic sentence. any(prenominal) sentences are coherent and support to topics sentences. Vietnamese essay, however, is circular. Students dont go directly to their topic but approach to indirectly. The reader knows what the student is doing and tries to have it away the essay. The approach isnt as analytical. In Vietnam, academic essays can be of different types description (van ta), commentary (binh luan), make-and-explanation (chung minh va giai thich), analysis (phan tich), and critique (binh giang). In the introduction to an essay describing a landscape, a student gives general information about the place, time and setting, and the reason he/she is writing. An analysis or a proof essay is a little different. Most importantly, here a student has to give information about the author, setting and social background of the story. In the body, he/she takes up the selected text and discusses its general characteristics, outstanding f eatures, details and logic. Connections between commentary and text should be clear. The conclusion, in general, offers a brief succinct of the main idea and a personal or felt resolution to the subject.The approximately important differences between English and Vietnamese writing are lingual and cultural. English grammar is demanding and prescriptive with regard to such matters as tense, agreement, alone(p) and plural forms, etc. In Vietnamese, however, word-building is very complex, and students devote their attention to morphology rather than syntax. Vietnamese (again like Chinese) has classifiers, a linguistic item uncharted to English. Lexical items are variously classified in countless ways, including animate (con), inanimate (cai), book-like (quyen), picture (buc), photographic (tam), food or medicine (thuc). The classifiers can be baffling to non-native speakers of Vietnamese. Student-writers have to know how to use classifiers in total order, however, so they have to master word building skills that English students dont. Finally, there are pronouns. He, to give only one example, can variously be any of the following in Vietnamese no, anh, anh ay, anh ta, ga, y, ong ay, and ong ta. Knowingthese dedicated differences and using them correctly in each context is very important in writing.These linguistic features perhaps help to account for the Vietnamese love of word- play and soignee variation in many contexts where they would be unusual in English. The beauteous is important. This notion of elegance even carries over into the technology of Vietnamese writing. Computers harbort reached most VN classrooms, and the technology of penmanship still matters. Because enthusiasm in writing comes from the beauty of nature and internal sensation, sitting with teacher and friends in a writing class is believed to be better than with technology devices. Third, I would like to introduce what a correct essay is. A good essay is the combination of good g rammar, diction and knowledge. When grading, the instructor usually pays attention to the content accord with the topic, clear form and organization, proportionality between introduction, body and conclusion, cohesive transition, logical phrases and sentences, correct spelling, clarity, neat presentation The instructor a great deal would underline obscure sentences or redundancies, cross out sentences that may be incohesive, contradictory and write his/her comments at the beginning of these sentences. Now we come to another(prenominal) question how is a writing class organized? Because a writing class is in fact a literature class, the teacher lectures most of the time. Sometimes, he/she stops to ask students some questions related to his/her lecture or ask them to give their own opinion about some things.The class is not divided into groups for students to discuss or write collaboratively. Students listen to their teacher and write on their own. After students submit their tests, the teacher grades and comments. Normally, the teacher chooses interest and good essays to read aloud and points out how they are interesting, what is good about them. Then teacher mentions those essays that are not very good, points out the rough-cut errors and teaches students how to avoid these errors in later tests. Since writing an essay in Vietnamese usually means writing about literature, the reader may delight in how a student writes essays on other subjects, such as chronicle or geography. Invention is not stressed as much in Vietnam as here. Students listen to the teachers lecture and takes note carefully. Sometimes, professors scarcely dictate their notes to students. Before exams, teachers often give students a list of questions to secure at home. Students find the answers in the teachers textbooks ornotes, and then try to get them down by heart. The teacher chooses one or two topics for student to write at the exams. There are no take home exams. Students do thei r research the same way as here.The teacher gives student topics to write about, and the student then chooses a topic and writes a proposal. The teacher will offer suggestions or advice. After that, the student collects material from books, newspapers and the Internet and starts to write. Thesis topics are often very broad. Therefore, the student needs to convince his/her readers using reasonable and logical arguments. The way Vietnamese learn how to write in their own language is of course different from the way they learn to write in English, which is a foreign language. In the following paragraph, Im going to point out what the differences are. In conjecture, a student is supposed to learn every step as a native speaker does. The purpose is to learn how to write good essays. However, a writing class in Vietnam is usually more like an ESL class than an American writing class. Freshman and sophomore students learn to write sentences and short paragraphs. The topics are often very simple, for example write about the first day at school, an unforgettable memory. The teacher focuses on grammar, and the way of using words. Juniors and seniors learn to write essays, but what they learn is basically the theory they dont practice writing essays very often. A student is only required to write essays in final tests or alumna exams. The essay is usually about 1-2 pages in length. A 4-page essay is the longest.The topics are about what happens in daily life. In these essays, a student writes his/her own opinion, what he/she sees and thinks. Because their English is limited, students rarely do research in the language or make many quotations. Students arent usually acquainted with MLA/APA styles, and teachers focus mostly on grammar errors. In order for students to practice writing, the teacher gives writing assignments for them to write at home. Then the teacher will ask a student to write the assigned essay on the chalkboard. The whole class discusses the ideas and g rammar in this essay and participates in the writing process. We have seen that writing customs vary from one country to another, especially between the cultures of East and West. Differences in writing pedagogy reflect cultural and linguistic differences. Being witting of those differences would be of importance to anyone teaching in a diverse classroom. Appreciating thosedifferences can lead to a richer sense of the possibilities of language for all peoples.

Assignments Physical Activity, Disease and Public Health

fleshiness is becoming a leading killer illness in the world. The changing nature of life has led to change in lifestyle which has led to increased cases of lifestyle diseases. It is estimated that to a greater extent than half of the universe of United States is obese or profound. only epidemiological studies show ethnic and racial dimension with regard to prevalence of obesity in the nation. Afri quite a little Americans in particular African American women have a higher prevalence of obesity compared to otherwise races.There are many genetic and environmental factors which have been predisposing African Americans to increased cases of obesity. Obesity does not only affect health and mixer life of the man-to-man but it is also a gateway to development of many other chronic illnesses. If not well managed, obesity leads to other terminal illnesses like diabetes, cardiovascular diseases and others.Change in diet and tendency towards a sedentary lifestyle have been identified as the leading causes of obesity all over the world. The increasing prevalence of obesity in the population has been correlated with myriad of environmental, behavioral, physiological, and genetic factors. Attenuated metabolic response to the exposures in the environmental combined with a number of predisposing factors and low level of aught expenditure leads to positive energy balance which increases body tip.Several researches have underpinned the importance of diet modification and exercise in reducing body weight. However the emphasis has been mainly on diet modification with less maintenance on the role of exercises. Regular exercises can help to burn the supererogatory body fats leading to reduction of obesity.In this study we are going to go off a number of studies which have looked into the role of exercise in the focus of obesity. The study review a total of 10 studies from American journal of Nutrition, JAMA, British Journal of Sports Medicine, and many other renown medical sites. The primaeval search words used include obesity, African Americans, Body mound Index, and physical activitiesObesityObesity is unrivalled of the growing health problems in the world. Since the mid twentieth century, the number of obese individuals in the population has been growing at an fearful rate due to the changing nature of our life. The high prevalence of overweight and obesity is a gr wipe out concern for adults, children, and adolescents not only in the United States but also in the rest of the world.Obesity can be defined as increase in body weight due to accumulation of fat tissues. Individual weight status is normally determined by the Body Mass Index, which is a ratio of individuals weight to height. Body push-down store index has been shown as one of the most effective tools to assess the level of risk from individual weight. Obesity can be described as accumulation of fast on the body due to a positive energy balance.The food we eat is used up for body metabolism processes and the rest is stored as fats in the body adipose tissues. If we eat too much and engage in fewer exercises, there is that energy balance in the body that is reborn to fat. Therefore the more we eat or the higher calorie foods that we eat, the more we gain weight and we end up being obese.According to the body mass index measure, a health individual should have a BMI of 18.5 24.9 kg/m2. The following table shows the classification of BMI and the body weight status.

Much Ado About Nothing- Beatrice and Benedick Essay

The family relationship amid Beatrice and benedick develops throughout the primal stages of Much Ado about Nothing by William Shakespe ar. Past encounters between the two characters ignites a bout of wit between the two where they flack to get inside for each one new(prenominal)s head. The wittiness utilise by Beatrice and benedict also suggests that there is a mysteriouser meaning commode what they say and that they atomic number 18 deceived by their own foolishness. When we are first introduced to Beatrice and Benedick we learn of the merry struggle between them. This skirmish of wit that occurs invokes gone encounters. The two exchange a volley of sly and witty comments. As Beatrice knows him of old she believes that Benedick is a crow and is no more than a very(prenominal) dull fool. On the other hand, Benedicks commendation is not in his wit, but in his villainy.Benedick chooses to snipe at Beatrice and always ends with a Jades conjuring trick. These exchanges of witty comments between the pair suggest that there is a deep tension between them. It is revealed of the start of the play that the pair new each other of old, they were in a relationship and that this merry fight was expected of them in the Shakespearian society. The comments that are exchanged during this merry state of war suggest that there is a deeper meaning behind their witty remarks and that their relationship could be far more meaningful then it currently is. This skirmish of wit between the two is deceptive. They do not want to try their actual feelings for one another.Beatrice believes that Benedicks supposed image of himself macrocosm loved by all ladies is full of arrogance and extremely unlikely. hitherto this link between Benedick and his love for Beatrice portrays the idea that she may indeed nourish feelings for Benedick and that he is not just a fauna. Although Beatrices comments are ruthless and unforgiving, we get the feeling that because of the wittines s of them and the odour of her voice that she doesnt really mean them and that she is afraid of opening up about loving Benedick. The two also share the same sagaciousness about love, Beatrice would rather hear her dog bark at a crow than a man swear he loves her, this is one of the very few qualities that Benedick admires about Beatrice and that she should keep her ladyship in that mind.This quotation to love by Shakespeare gives a sense of anticipation that there are feelings between Beatrice and Benedick that are to develop throughout the play. The merry war between Beatrice and Benedick is unwanted and unhealthy for some(prenominal) Beatrice and Benedick. It is obvious that both characters have strong feelings for one another and they are just deceiving themselves if they look at otherwise. I think that Beatrice and Benedick are better off when they are together, like at the end of the play. With the feelings that Beatrice and Benedick feel for each other I do not believe t hat this merry war could have continued.

Ethics Essay

The case study of Jerry McCall, 1 of the health check assistants in Dr. Williams office, describes one of the m whatsoever challenges that occur on a daily basis while working in a doctors office. There ar many different levels of supply present in an office that confound an array of different seam duties and kitchen ranges of practice. Jerry was presented with a patient that was in need of a prescription(prenominal) fill on a medication that he is not freeed to set off with discover pose authorization from the medico. Unfortunately for Jerry he was covering a lunch chip and the only one in the office at that time.There argon a number of different ethical decisions that Jerry is faced with in which we pass on cover below. Jerrys aesculapian training as a medical assistant does not include the release of any typecast of shed light on full of prescription medications without the authorization or direction from the medical student. The arena of practice for a medica l assistant includes performing administrative and certain clinical duties under(a) the direction of physician. Administrative duties may include scheduling appointments, maintaining medical records, billing, and coding for insurance purposes.Clinical duties may include taking and recording springy signs and medical histories, preparing patients for examination, drawing blood, and administering medications as directed by physician (Medical service Job Description, 1997-2013). It is to a fault stated in the case study that Jerry is a Licensed Practical Nurse, which is also only to refill a prescription under the direction of the physician. Would it receive a difference if the medication call for were for control of high blood pressure that the patient critically of necessity on a daily basis?There should not be a difference between what types of medications Jerry is asked to authorize to refill for a patient. This type of duty is not part of the medical assistants scope of pract ice. There are other alternatives that Jerry rat turn to in arrange to problem-solve this situation that will be discussed below. If Jerry calls in the refill and the patient has an adverse reaction while flying, is Jerry protected from a lawsuit under the tenet of respondent superior?The doctrine of respondent superior is a legitimate doctrine most commonly used in tort, that holds an employer or psyche legally responsible for the wrongful acts of an employee or agent, if such acts occur at heart the scope of the employment or agency (Cornell University Law School, 2010). This is stating that the physician is also responsible and can be held accountable for the actions of Jerry. Jerry must practice within the scope of practice set for medical assistants and within his job description.The physician can be held liable by the patient and can have charges pressed on him based on this doctrine. The advice I would have for Jerry is to make sure he is looking at this situation as if it were the government board for medical assistants looking at the same issue. He should not make a decision that is above his job description and out of his scope of practice. This could cause serious problems leading to Jerry possible losing his job. Jerry has a scratch of ethical motive that he needs to abide. The patients safety should be what Jerry is concerned with.Major legal and ethical issues that may affect Jerrys decision are very clear in this situation. If Jerry authorizes this prescription without the physicians direction he is practicing outside of his scope as a medical assistant and will lose not only his job, yet his license. Ethically, he is knowingly performing an illegal act and can be held accountable for this in a court of law. Some problem-solving methods that might be helpful to assist in making an ethical decision are for Jerry to review his code of ethics.This will educate Jerry that the code of ethics of American Association of Medical Assistants sh all set forth principles of ethical and moral ingest as they relate to the medical profession and the particular practice of medical assisting, render service with full respect for the dignity of humanity, and uphold the repay and high principles of the profession and accept its disciplines (Fremgen, 2009, p. 328). Another ethical way to problem-solve this issue it to simply call the physician to let him know this patient is in need of a refill which needs to be called in as soon as possible for the patient.This will place the responsibility hazard to the physician where it should be. Jerry should instruct the patient that authorizing a refill without the physicians direction is against the law, and Jerry will notify the physician right away to make him aware of the patients needs. In conclusion, Jerry should stick to his code of ethics as a medical assistant and handle the prescription dilemma as any medical assistant should do within his scope of practice.Jerry should also tak e into consideration that any ethical decisions he makes can result in the physician he works for being held accountable for Jerrys actions. The advice for Jerry to call the physician to make him aware of the patients needs would allow him to make the best ethical and legal decision available. Like any working professional, Jerry is held to a code of ethics that he took a pledge to uphold, and should remember this when dealing with the safety of any patient.

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Background Sony Corporation is one of the best-known names in consumer electronics andranks reciprocal ohm worldwide in electronics behind Matsushita Electric Corporation. Since itwas ceremoniousshortly afterwardsWorldWarII,Sonyhasintroducedastreamofrevolutionaryproducts,includingthetransistorradio,theTrinitrontelevision,theBetamaxVCR,theCDplayer,theWalkmanportablecassetteplayer,andthePlayStation game console. The companys electronics segmentwhich includes audioand exposure products, televisions, personal com seaters, monitors, computer peripherals,telecommunications devices, and electronic components (such as semiconductors).When Dr. Toshi T. Doi took charge of the project to develop a young computer in 1984, herecruited11top-flightengineerstoformtheteam. Doiestablishedthreebasicguidelines for the development (1) the computer should be 32 bit (2) it should be multipurpose and (3) the project should be completed as soon as possible. The engineers, however, decided that they wan ted to project a machine (an engineeringworkstation)thatwouldhelpthemintheirownengineeringworkratherthanamultipurpose machine. Doi approved their plan, just nowhe required that it befinished in sixmonths.SAPADAPA ANALYSISI. Situational epitome Dr. Toshi T. Doi was the general manager of Sonys workstation division(WD) and was not keen on changing Sonys product development physical process,which was efficient and successful. The WDs workstation NEWS launchedin October 1986 at the Tokyo info Show had generated over 1000 inquiriestheyrecoveredinvestmentsinfewmonthsand seeadoubleinsalesannually. Its new product development (NPD) process for the 1550 series workstationhad three stages basic architecture specification product figure first lot productionOne side effect of Sonys preoccupation with the video business was that itscomputer business. Although Sony hadsome success in thecomputer gamemarket, its first entrants in the computer market were 8-bit machines. TheSMC-70 and SMC-7 77 are 8-bit machines were introduced in 1982 and 1984,respectively, which failed quickly in contender with 16-bit MS-DOS systems(e. g. , the IBMPC). Sony considered developing a16-bit microcomputer but itsoon abandoned the idea. II. Problem compendium The development required too a good deal effort from computer hardware function engineers.Engineers in small teams were required to handle all issues from logic design tomanufacturability, requiring a breadth of knowledge, which many did not have. These engineers had to put-in 60 to 70 hours a week and much more during acrisis, rendering them overworked. Withall these extraefforts put in,the designswere still not optimized to be manufactured Man/Engineers ? Toomuchwasrequiredfromthehardware design engineers. Small teams were more efficient but they requiredthat each(prenominal) engineer be able to handle the completerange ofdesigntasks, fromhigh-level architecturedown to pocket-sized details.Thus the engineers skills andknowledg e had to be both broad anddeep. Method ? With the current procedure, the designswere notoptimized formanufacturability. Because hardware design engineers were unfamiliarwithallofthemanufacturingconcerns,theyoftenmissedsimpleredesignsthatcouldmakemanufacturing far more efficient. Inthe current process, it is actually difficult to separatetechnologyintoneatstepsandforthisreasonittakes metertotransfer technology. The workstationmarket is so competitive that there is no time to dothis transfer. SpecializationDesign engineering does ot have decent expertiseto support manufacturing properly, especially as theproduct line and the number of development projectscontinue to growWorkingTimeHardwareengineerstypicallywork60-70hoursaweek And even more during acrises. SWOT ANALYSIS A. Strengths get Investments and doubled theannual sales since thelaunch ofNEWS Project tutor often a Senior EngineerB. Weaknesses Small project teams precise limited design engineers Lack of traditional manag ement tasks Marketing king is insufficientC. Opportunities Reorganization of engineers Hiring of Highly expertise/skilled design engineersD.Threats Marketing cater of competitors during this time IV. Potential Problem Analysis Additional cost in hiring highly expertise or skilled design engineers. Possible red ink of market ifother competitors willwin the competition duringthat time when the merchandising power is still insufficient. Small project teams that may require them to transmit manpower and its costs. Engineers will continue to work too much time that could result to burn-out. Possible decrease in the annual sales of the Sony Company. liberation of precisions in the product lines if the needed expertise will not

An investigation and analysis of the role of women in contemporary Islam in the context of a multicultural society

When a person thinks of a Moslem muliebrity immediately the image that forms in your mind is mavin of veils, tent equal garb and the word oppression and suppression surfaces to mind. This image of universe control and oppressed, being without whatever rights or social standing is a westerly stereotypical view of Muslim women. To understand and appreciate the true effect of Islam it is important to c atomic number 18fully investigate the roles of both Muslim women and men in Islam and the unearthly authority for these. It is most important to consider what a Muslim womans rights and obligations ar, and how they argon lived out in daily smell.Alongside this it is relevant to witness out how a Muslim woman may be influenced by her familys culture and the traditions and cultures of different passels in this ordination. In a multicultural nine such(prenominal) as Britain there be galore(postnominal) people of dissimilar religious backgrounds. Britain directly ca n be reassuren as a multicultural society or even a blase society, which is non governed by religious laws and certainly not by Shariah. Muslims living in Britain today come into day-to-day contact with many ideas, beliefs and practices which be not dowery of Islam.Analysing how Muslim women can stay true to their Muslim trust in such a society is an integral part of this essay. In Islam family life from many famous scholars is referred to as being the corner-st hotshot(a) of society as it brings new generations into the world, thereof the pargonnts cod real important duties to play. They in any case turn out vital duties and obligations towards one-another. The duties of a husband and the wife towards each other are clearly verbalise in Islam (Quran 434). This makes the fulfillment of the purpose of marriage easy and removes confusion.The husbands duties take on providing food clothing accommodation as well as earthbound welfare needs for his wife she does not inv ite to provide any of these herself from her own property or her earnings, un little she wishes and is able to help her husband. The husband to a fault provides household help for his wife, or helps her himself, as well as bighearted help to her in training the children. He also must(prenominal) translate to satisfy the sexual needs of his wife and treats her with kindness and honour as Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) said The best of you is the one who is best to his family, and I am best to my family Hadith Al-Tirmidhi and Ibn Majah) The wife, for her part is take to obey her husband as leader of the family so long as he does not estimate to make her disobey Allah. She must look after the home and children, transport them up as good and righteous people Allah will study her about this indebtedness (Hadith Al-Bukhari and Muslim). In her husbands absence she must ensure that no one not approved by her husband is discontinueed into the home, and also analyze to satisfy her husban ds sexual needs. You can see that the duties of the husband are the rights of the wife, whilst the duties of the wife are the rights of the husband.Allah says the rights of the wives (with regards to their husbands) are equal to the rights of the husband with regard to them. (Quran 2228) The Quran states They (women) are your garments. And you (men) are their garments. The words from the Holy Quran state precisely how men and women have-to doe with to one another like a luggage compartment and its garments. Without garments the body is non bastardlyingful and vice versa, this symbolizes the complimentary roles a husband and wife play and that they must got together, apart they would have little reason to exist.People in multi-cultural society may have noticed how a large number of Muslim women dress disparately from one another, several(prenominal) from head to toe, others in to a greater extent westernized but unrevealing clothing. This is mainly due to cultural impacts, for e. g. covering a womans body does not necessarily require her to wear a jilbab (long dark coat-like dress), Islamically she is required to dress modestly in public. Places like Afghanistans cultural impacts mean women are forced in the way they are dressed, as they have no choice. Say to believing men nd believing women, that they should lower their heed and guard their modesty.. (2430-31) Living in a multicultural society poses many difficulties for Muslim parents or Muslims in general.This is because within the sphere of their homes the environment is Islamic and very sheltered. However outside the home Muslims come into contact with disparate ideas which can act as obstacles for them. This is because Britain concedes what most Islamic societies would not allow for women for example involvement in pornography, modesty of dress, Muslim women do not walk nearly scantily dressed for example in a bikini.Abortion is not allowed except in exceptional circumstances in Islam whereas i t is a common place in Britain. Also divorce is considered one of the worst acts in Islam but like abortion it is a commonplace as well as free mixing amidst the sexes. This shows that such things are taking place in Britain and that they oppose Islamic teachings. For a Muslim living in a multicultural society some of the issues that arise are usually the differences between secular law versus religious law (shariah). The fact that Muslim set are different to secular ranges and a Muslim lifestyle following such values makes more(prenominal) demands.These issues can cause problems for Muslims, especially the 2nd or ternion generation who seem to be becoming more and more secular. These youthfulness can be seen to have adopted secular values in their pursuit of status, placing great value in railroad cars, money and other corporeal possessions more than religious values or practice. These remind parents of their native countries, so they arrange marriages for their children t o people inn the native countries. What the parents dont realise is these native countries have start more secular too and that people there have become more westernized.The benefits for Muslims in a multicultural society like Britain is the access to education, there is a greater chance of Muslims obtaining education in this farming compared to their slim to none chances back in their native countries. at that place is an prospect to be involved in public life occupation wise. As the government in Britain is not ruled by a peculiar(prenominal) organized religion, people are allowed to practice their religion openly, whereas in Turkey a woman is not permitted to wear a headscarf to college, school, or university. Also in communist countries people did not have the right to procl civilize what they believed in. numerous Muslims in Great Britain are lots asked whether they are British or Muslim first. There is a difference of opinion to this answer between the older and younger generations. The younger people tend to say they are British and Muslim whereas the older generation hesitate and reply they are Muslim first. What we should ask ourselves is how come it is only the Muslims this question is posed to? wherefore not the Christians or the Jews? These kinds of questions are asked for example during the Gulf War or since the incident on September 11th.The Muslims are expected to be on the defensive, as if there is going to be a conflict with being a Muslim and British at the corresponding time. This is the way of persuasion for the studyity of Non-Muslim British people it shows their lack of understanding of Islam and their deeply grow misconceptions concerning the religion. This is also a result of lack of integration between people. The Muslim women that wear veils, head scarves and long flowing clothing are often seen as oppressed or suppressed by the majority of Non-Muslims in British society.They see these women as being dominated by men. In rea lity the majority of these women wearing veils or such articles of clothing do so voluntarily, the main aim is protection and not oppression. Prophet, enjoin in your wives, your daughters and the wives of true believers to draw their veils pen up somewhat them. That is more proper, so that they may be recognized (as staring(a) women) and not molested. Allah is Forgiving and Merciful. (3359) It is mistaken to believe that Islam encourages the oppression of women. On the contrary, Islam elevates women in an all-round manner.Islam regards women and men as equals they both have the same religious duties and get equal reinforcements. Allah says I will not allow the good deeds of any of you, male or female, to be lost. You (male and female) come from one-another (Quran 3195 4124) Islam stopped the female infanticide (818 6151) and promises the reward of paradise to parents who look after their daughters. Muslim women like men are encouraged to acquire education from the cradle to th e grave. A Muslim woman retains her legal identity after marriage and can keep her family name.She may seek and obtain divorce if she needs it. She is free to move around in society (with her husbands consent), provided she is modestly dressed and straightforward to avoid molestation by evil men. (Quran 3322-59) As a mother, the greatest assess is paid to her on account of her sacrifices on behalf of her children. (Quran 3113 4615) Paradise lies at the feet of the mothers. In Great Britain Islam is a minority religion it is not the way of life for the majority in this multicultural society. Britain is arguably not religious therefore it can be seen as a secular society.Its laws do not reflect any particular religions beliefs, except in the past Christianity played a major role in the appointed laws. The society is still influenced by religious values, there are laws protecting what most religions consider sacred or valuable, an example of this is the value religions hold for life . There are laws introduced for the sole purpose of preventing death or injury like how a driver and passengers in a car must wear seat belts. The laws in Britain also evolve around individual religions, for example the law in Britain for people riding a motorcycle is that it is compulsory to wear a crash helmet.In the 1980s the Sikh community complained that it was impossible to do so if they were wearing turbans, the government thus made a clause in the law for Sikhs who wore turbans, that when riding a motorbike it wasnt compulsory for them to wear a crash helmet. There are also many problems for Muslims who live in small individual communities that do not integrate with one another. This division often causes misunderstandings between them which results in conflict mostly between the youth of the communities. An incident of this occurred not very long ago in Oldham, between the Pakistani community and the gabardine community.Oldham is one of the most segregated cities in Brita in. The white and Pakistani communities have many riots, this is mainly due to lack of integration. To correct this situation faith leaders of the communities should hold regular meetings to discuss and promote interfaith relationships. This encourages less hostile attitudes between the people like in Leister. The majority of Asians came from Africa where they were employ to British people, when they came to Britain they could relate to the people more easily than the Asians from Oldham. Another major barrier between people is language and dress.If people cannot communicate with one another it is impossible for interfaith relationships. It is also quite common for people from different racial backgrounds to stereotype Muslims by the way the women dress. As they decide it foreign they cannot form a relationship with them, this results in people perceiving Muslims with hostility. In conclusion to this essay I believe there should be more interfaith relationships and language barrier s should be broken down, this way people from different cultural and racial backgrounds can relate to one-another and not stereotype or generalize.There should be more integration especially in schools, also there shouldnt be segregated communities, people from different nationalities should live together. There already is an increase in women choosing there marriage partners, and women having children later on in life so they can actively partake in more career based roles. Due to the education in this country it is estimated that after a couple of generations language barriers would be broken down, that more Westernized dress would be adapted to in a way that seems Islamic and women would take up more prominent roles in the Islamic and in wider communities.This could be an advantage as well as a disadvantage, there could be spokeswomen who is highly educated in the fields of politics and other high profile careers, this way they could be interviewed by the media and as a result th e general Non-Muslim public would be more aware of Islamic teachings and see it in a more acceptable and not so negative light. This is the possible future for Muslim women in this multicultural society.However, my personalized opinion as a Muslim living in British society would be that it is important to remember that though these women may become more prominent in secular society as Islams ahead(p) women, they would be placed under a negative light from young buck Muslims. These women in partaking such active roles would be leaving their idealistic de rigueur role as according to Islam, also to get to this possible future would mean many rules would have to be broken, twisted or forgotten completely. gibe to Islam a womans true worth would be greatly acknowledged if her duty at home first is complete.

Agency Problem Essay

Financial Management ( authorization problem) Prep atomic number 18d by Sami Hassan Saeed Singabi August 2008 entree Economic science teaches us that referable to their infixed needs, individuals have subjective preferences, and hence different engage. Occasion wholey different subjective interests give mount up to conflicts of interest in the midst of contracting partners. These conflicts of interest whitethorn result in turn, in one or both parties below winning actions that may be against the interest of the early(a) contracting partner.The primary reason for the divergence of objectives amidst managers and stockholders has been attributed to separation of ownership (shareholders) and control ( focusing) in corporations. As a consequence, authorization problems or principal-agent conflicts exist in the theater. berth theory deals with such problem. delegation theory is touch with how these effect problems affect the form of the contract and how they gage be minimiz ed, in particular, when contracting parties are variously informed (or uncertain). Agency problemA problem arising from a conflict of interest between principals such as investors and agents acting for them, such as brokers or managers. Agency problem refers to a conflict of interest arising between creditors, shareholders and focal point because of differing goals. It exists due to problems in corporate governance. A typical problem is that of senior anxiety of a company, who are charged with running the business in the interests of shareholders deal instead to operate to maximize their own interests. A simple compositors case is the hired anager who fills his pockets at shareholders expenses. For example, an means problem exists when watchfulness and shareholders have unlike ideas on how the company should be run. Agency problems that arise in a corporation have troubled economists for virtually time. There are a number of mechanisms that have been used to try and reduce these execution problems. many an(prenominal) of these mechanisms try to link the managers compensation to the performance of the upstanding. typical examples include performance shares, restricted stock grants, and executive stock options.This harangue is an empirical study of whether the use of executive stock options has in detail reduced the agency problems between managers and stockholders. In this dissertation, two different examen methodologies are used to address the agency problem reduction issue. angiotensin converting enzyme methodology looks at some signifi baset event such as a merger or divestiture to see if an executives prop of stock options affect what decisions are made. For example, do larger holdings of stock options make a motion managers to take on riskier investments? By increasing the risk of the loyal, managers can increase the value of the stock options.Another question of interest is whether in taking on risky investments do executives increase the leverage of the firm? By increasing the leverage of the firm, the executive might increase the risk of the firm and frankincense the value of the option holdings. An agency blood An agency relationship arises whenever one or more individuals, c on the wholeed principals, hire one or more other individuals, called agents, to perform some service and then delegate decision-making assurance to the agents. The primary agency relationships in business are those - (1) betwixt stockholders and managers and 2) Between debt holders and stockholders. These relationships are not necessarily harmonious indeed, agency theory is concerned with so-called agency conflicts, or conflicts of interest between agents and principals. These relationships are not necessarily harmonious indeed, agency theory is concerned with so-called agency conflicts, or conflicts of interest between agents and principals. Expansion increase potential agency problems, if you expanded to additional locations you c ould not physically be at all locations at the same time.Consequently, you would have to delegate decision-making authority to others. Creditors can cherish themselves by (1) Having the loan secured. (2) Placing restrictive covenants in debt agreements. (3) They charge a high than normal interest rate to compensate for risk. Agency cost A type of internal cost that arises from, or must be paid to a manger acting on behalf of shareholders. Agency cost arises because of marrow squash problems such as conflicts of interest between share holders and management.Shareholders wish for management to run the company in away that increases shareholders value, but management may wish to grow the company in away that maximize their private power and wealth that may not be in the go around interest of shareholders. Agency be are inevitable within an composition whenever shareholders are not completely in charge the cost can usually be best spent on providing proper stuff and nonsense inc entives and moral incentives for agents to properly execute their duties, thereby aligning the interests of shareholders (owners) and agents.The principals (the shareholders) have to go ways of ensuring that their agents (the managers) act in their interests. This means incurring be, agency costs, to (a) monitor managers behavior, and (b) create incentive schemes and control for managers to pursue shareholders wealth maximization. dissimilar methods have been used to try to align the actions of senior management with the interests of shareholders, that is, to get to goal congruence. Linking rewards to shareholder wealth improvements Owners can grant directors and other senior managers share options. These ermit the managers to purchase shares at some date in the future at a scathe, which is fixed in the present. If the share price rises significantly between the dates when the option was granted and the date when the shares can be bought the manager can make a fortune by purch ase at the pre-ar ambitd price and then swoping in the market place. The managers under such a scheme have a clear interest in achieving a rise in share price and thus congruence comes about to some extent. An alternative method is to allot shares to managers if they action certain performance targets, for example, growth in earnings per share or return on shares.Sackings The threat of be sacked with the accompanying dismay and financial loss may encourage managers not to diverge likewise far from the shareholders wealth path. However this method is seldom used because it is much difficult to implement due to difficulties of making a coordinated shareholder effort. Selling shares threat and the take- over Most of the large shareholders (especially institutional investors) of quoted companies are not prepared to put large resources into monitoring and controlling all the firms of which they own a part.Quite often their first response, if they observe that management is not acti ng in what they visualize as their best interest, is to sell the share rather than intervene. This will result in a write down share price, making the raising of funds more difficult. If this process continues the firm may become vulnerable to a merger bid by another group of managers, resulting in a loss of top management posts. Fear of being taken over can establish some sort of backstop position to prevent shareholder wealth considerations being totally ignored.Corporate governance regulations There is a considerable range of legislation and other regulatory pressures (e. g. the Companies Act) designed to encourage directors to act in shareholders interests. Within these regulations for example, the board of directors is not to be dominated by a single individual acting as both the chairman and head executive. Also independently minded non-executive directors should have more power to range shareholder interests in particular, they should predominate in decisions connected wi th directors remuneration and auditing of firms accounts.Information flow The accounting profession, the stock exchange, the regulating agencies and the spend public are continuously conducting a battle to encourage or force firms to release more accurate, timely and detailed information concerning their operations. An modify quality of corporate accounts, annual reports and the availability of other forms of information move to investors and analysts such as company briefings and press announcements help to monitor firms, and delineate any wealth-destroying actions by wayward managers early. ConclusionDiffuse ownership of in public held companies reduces the owners ability to monitor managers because they would have to bear the full monitoring costs while gaining only a small marginal benefit. Managers may therefrom act to maximize their wealth through personal use of corporate assets, stock manipulation and sub optimal decisions at the owners expense. Thus agency theory prac tical mechanism is weak, because it is unable to provide practical conclusions with regard to agency problems. References 1. Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. htm 2. www. referenceforbusiness. com 3. Financial-dictionary. The free dictionary. com

Elephant by Polly Clark

Polly Clarks Elephant essay Polly Clarks Elephant is about a author named William who locoweeds with his problems every day. William is a writer. His sour consists of young female pop-singers biographies. The story starts in media res, we unspoiled jump straightforward into the story without further information. The story takes place in Williams downcast his house and it is set in a normal afternoon in Williams life. The curtains are closed, so William can non watch his garden, which is overcrowded with weed, and boring. It reminds him of the things he has not done.At the time, he almost lives in his office. It is hard for him to find the words. The story is told by a 3rd person narrator, but the narrator tells a lot of things through Williams thoughts and therefore it is easy to identify yourself with William. The narrator tells the story in a way that raises you whole tone sorry for William, because of his problems. William likes to write, but he has had few problems writi ng lately His inability to write disturbed him, made him feel blundering and awkward.. (p. 3 caper 2-3). William is not really happy about just writing about pop-singers.He dreams about writing biographies of actors in their golden historic period, because he means that, that is something people would buy and read. Those biographies have been claimed by someone, who was quicker than William and that is why William is writing short biographies with information he has found on the internet From the facts William could glean from the internet. (p. 1 line 21). William possesses a great deal of knowledge that it takes to produce a masterpiece, because he is familiar with old, recognized storey literature. He mentions the Russian novelist Leo Tolstoy.He fantasises about having written Ulysses by crowd unitedly Joyce, but in real life he is stuck writing the unnoticeable biographies. He is surrounded by a lot of women in his life. He is married to a women named Ginny and then there are the pop-singers of whom he writes about. His blood to the pop-singers is paradoxical in which he, in a way, could not bring off little about them The slim volumes reflected the slim lives of his subjects, and his slim interest in them (p. 1 line 28). Ginny calls William to say that she will be home in 20 minutes. Hereafter the third-person narrator arranges two similar situations in contrast to severally other.In a flashback from Williams childhood, William remembers his mum bringing home a defend for him. He especially remembers the excitement he felt, before he true the blue elephant. I withdraw that William and his wife needs time together and are very separated because of their jobs. Even though, William loves her. He compares Ginny with the blue elephant he got as child, in which he was very happy. (p. 2 line 25-33). When Ginny comes home, they make love and it seems to be too organised and without passion. Ginny mentions that she has taken a leaven and that it i s the right time which could mean that she is trying to get pregnant.Their relationship could be compared to the garden outside their house in the following conversation where they lecturing about what they should do with it. It seems fine, but they do not care much for it. Should they lay a deck over it or shell out up and move to Australia? William does not really care as his solution is to see what kick the buckets. Characters William He really wants to be someone and be a big famous writer. He is tired of waiting for it and just wants it to happen soon. He is stuck in his biographies-writing and wants to make a living from writing.Williams wife wishes to have a baby but William is not that sure. I presuppose he wants to get control of his own life first. Ginny She is Williams wife. She really wants to get pregnant and knows exactly when it is the best chance of getting it. I do not think that she knows how William feels. There are some themes in this short story, one of t hem could be chasing your dreams because of Williams wish to be a Copernican biographies writer and he continues to write about the non important female pop-singers, because he knows as soon he gets the chance to write what he want, he will take it.Even though he does not seem to do something for his carrier, it shows in the text William would have preferred the film stars (male, golden come along of cinema) but those had been claimed by someone quicker o the mark (p. 1, line 22) Another theme could be fate because as William expresses in the low gear William had made the best of what he had been given (p. 1, line 23). He does not believe that you can change your destiny but I think he is willing to try.

Partnership with parents Essay

In recent years, an array of legislation and guidance has emerged under the register new Labour government to bring together a co-ordinated good example of services to address the c ar and educational aims of minorren. The government has evince its intention, DfES (1997) and DfES (2003) to place educates at the heart of a new multidisciplinary approach to pip-squeakrens services with imbibe developd communication and consultation between domesticates, together with untimely(a) service leave aloners, and p bents, as one of its principle aims.M solely commentators much(prenominal) as Nind et al (2003) Williams (2004) and Berk (2004) have storied the importance of pargonnts as the prime educators of their sisterren and the resultant government agency of establishing successful coalitions between schools and p atomic yield 18nts has been addressed by a number of distinct perspectives. It checkerms that the strategies employed to overcome restrictions and publi c figure constructive descents mustiness be placed in spite of appearance a school ethos of genuine inclusion body which values p arents beguiles and persona which, in turn, dismiss only enhance childrens attitudes to cultivation. Effective school collaborative education stimulates and imbues children with a dictatorial(p) lovingisation of learning.Brooker (2002) and Mayall (2002) have noted the modal values in which children, and parents, are utilely socialised into the pedagogical ethos of their childs school and suggest that parents conformity to this ethos has commonly underpinned many models of paternal inter-group communication. As Brooker (2002) argues, an open door policy which ostensibly invites parents in to see schoolroom practice and consult with module does not necessarily correspond a climate conducive to genuine collabo balancen in the educative unconscious process.The research presented by Brooker (2002), whilst focusing primarily upon early year s learning cultures, has pop the questiond some put onful insights into the ways schools conceptualise their relationships with families and, conversely, how parents experience schools. She erect that, from early on childrens schooling, school staff attitudes towards parents were mettlesomely limitd by their admit perceptions of the extent to which parents expressed their interest in, and became involved with their childrens education.Brooker (2002) identifies a broad(a) gulf between the beliefs and values of formal educators and what she calls the mountain of invisible coronationmade by parents. She cites the work of Vincent (1996), for example, highlighting the negative perceptions of parents by teachers and suggests that, natively, teachers hightail it only to welcome the involvement of those parents who do not contest school policies and practices or undermine their authority.In similar vein, Beveridge (2004) asserts that teachers attitudes digest often be negative an d stereotypical regarding agnatic motivation, competence and skills in the educative commonwealth and furthermore, parents are often aware of this and are adversely affected. She suggests that parents experiences of schools and school staff go out inevitably be enhanced when they feel respected in their avow right as parents, and evenly importantly, when they perceive that their child is a positively valued member of the school (Beveridge, 2004). Congruently the more involved parents are in what goes on in the classroom the more likely they are to understand the teachers goals and practices.Warren and three-year-old (2002) identify volt broad areas presenting barriers to forming theater-school federations. Firstly the ever-changing fluid nature of family demographics impinges on the phylogeny of dynamic partnerships. Secondly an entrenched school ethos often creates barriers to effective culture-change and schools are too set in their ways to hide parental involvement in affairs of plan, decision-making and administration. Thirdly, the financial burden of developing partnerships with parents is a strain some schools feel fecesnot be justified and resources need to be channelled into more pressing areas and some teachers are unable to relinquish any degree of control to parents in the classroom.Fourthly, parents whitethorn drop the necessary skills to service their childrens educational development. Finally, communication is a pivotal building ram of base-school partnerships and critics often point to the unequal relationship between schools and families in this area communication is one-way traffic from the school to the parent and at that place is not enough thought or dialogue given to the way parents after part provide input to the school or childrens learning. The development of partnerships between class and schools with the mutual acknowledgement of the diverse but essential percentages of the other is not an easily accomplished tas k but incomplete is it an impossible task.School staff attitudes, and indeed school ethos, seem underlying to the quality of relationships that underside be developed with parents (Beveridge, 2004). Research conducted by Bastiani (1992) and Coleman (1998) ground that whilst parents commonly expressed their need for knowledge astir(predicate) the progress, attainments and possible difficulties regarding their childrens schooling, they as considerably wanted reassurance that school staff understood their childs individual(prenominal) and social needs, as well as their schoolman needs. Beveridge (2004) extends this regard and draws from her own research into parents views, suggesting that teachers need to acquire the skills to elicit and respond to parents own in-depth knowledge, perspectives and insights intimately their childrens needs. This implies that teachers should be equipped with a high level of sensitivity and interpersonal skill vis--vis the parental perspective so that they whitethorn provide honest, percipient and accurate information to the highest degree the learning and conduct of individual children at school.Hornby et al (1995) and Hornby (2000) reiterate this point and argue for an character reference of teachers skills to incorporate the principles, drawn from the counselling arena, of prompt, non-judgemental listening and joint problem-solving techniques. Hornby (2000), for example, calls for skilled assertiveness that allows teachers to be both direct and diplomatic in their interactions with parents, and to respond constructively to disagreements and criticisms when these occurHornby (2000) argues for a reciprocal, inclusive framework of rest home-school links within which every family has a place, not just those few whose own culture and practices are in line with those of the school. Parents knowledge of their children, together with the contribution they can derive to teaching, is seen as strengths universal to all fa milies.Hornby (2000) and Nind et al (2003) argue it should likewise be recognised, however, that parents have different levels of need in term of information and maintain. Beveridge (2004) agrees that parents accumulated, in-depth knowledge about their children can niftyly enhance teachers agreements. In her word of parental involvement in the monitoring and assessment of childrens academic progress, Beveridge stresses that teachers need to accommodate areas of comparative strength and ways in which these can be built upon, rather than a resole focus on difficulties and deficits. Whilst Beveridge is primarily discussing those children deemed as having special educational needs here, this observation equally wellapplies to the assessment of all childrens progress. Although it seems clear that discrepancies inevitably testamenting exist between the views of parents and teachers, a striving for mutual understanding and a greater accentuation on the positives can do much to d evelop positive attitudes for both parents and children.The current Head Teacher of Sacred nervus Catholic Primary School Mr Mullan stressed the purpose of the home-school partnership in terms of making an agreement between the school, the family and the student which will stand by parents staff and students to work successfully together and help improve standards of education for pupils. This is done finished a variety of ways ranging from veritable(a) homework for parents to complete with their children and for pupils with learning difficulties a variety of visual and auditive activities are sent home. Each term targets are set for the pupils and parents are sent copies to help them keep up learning, an example cited was the suggestion parents allow their children to postponement money and pay for the weekly shop to help increase their understanding of money in relation to maths.Pupils also have a home school communication book. The school runs workshops throughout the acade mic year to help parents participate in their childs education and have include in the past Sing-along training or Literacy and ICT workshops. The school also places great emphasis on parental help in the education process in the form of parental class assistants. The school takes great overcharge in the fact several parents have gone on to plan a career as a teacher after starting line out as class assistants. The Head Teacher stressed the partnership revolved near good lines of communication between both parties.In the arena of parent/teacher consultations, Bastiani (1992) identified particular pre-requisites for success in ensuring that both parties are heard. Firstly, she suggests that parents must have sufficient information about the nature, purpose and length of the convened meeting and an opportunity to clarify and add items to the agenda. Secondly, a constructive focus needs to be established and decisions on later(prenominal) actions to be taken understood and agreed by all role players. It must be recognised that some parents will require more prolong in these matters than others.Finally, as highlighted by DfES (1997), schools need to forecast carefully the err of opportunities they can provide for parents to become involved and also the forms of assistance that faculty be needed to enable parents to participate fully.Tizard et al (1981) Hannon (1985) Mills (1996) and Beveridge (2004) are keen to stress in that respect is much evidence for the effectiveness of well-planned schemes of parental involvement in the teaching of reading. Moreover Mills (1996) highlights the crucial role that parents can play in developing literacy skills with their children, pointing out that the one-to-one relationship is clearly more valuable to the child than the 30 to one ratio typical in the average classroom. Mills (1996) suggests that simply sending books home is insufficient but also notes that parents may sometimes need support and advice about effecti ve models of hearing their children read. As Warren and Young (2002) succinctly advocate grant instructional materials and teaching methodologies should be utilized.Gregory (2000) echoes this view and expresses concerns that traditional schemes may not be suitable for all families. She recommends that schools consider different approaches which might better fit the needs of families. For example, a sole focus on story books might be extended, or replaced, by making use of other kinds of literacy experiences at home and also to include other members of the family and companionship. The aim here is not simply to follow the schools approach to literacy, and indeed other curriculum goals and activities, but to build bridges between home and school. Such home-school partnership arrangements may foster literacy erudition but it has to be noted this founds inherent presuppositions about the abilities of parents from a diversity of backgrounds and cultures to support the literacy develo pment of their children. Not all parents experience the motivation let alone the cognitive ability to enhance the literacy acquisition of their children.Warren and Young (2002) draw attention to the importance parental involvement plays in boosting positive learning attitudes amongst children in Mathematics, Science and Technology because academic learning activitiesthat are completed at home promote the childs achievement at school and this further impacts on a positive learning culture as parent and child attitudes about school become more positive through academic interactions. Parents who embrace an unrestrained joy for a particular area of the study curriculum and who transmit such infectious enthusiasm to their children need to be harness by schools. This is what Freud (1991) terms projection or the transference of an emotion or character trait onto another person. Parents who project positive learning attitudes onto their children need to be nurtured by schools because they help foster an intrinsic motivation within children to learn for the sheer pleasure of it.Recent government initiatives such as Every churl Matters and Higher Standards, Better Schools for All More select for Parents and Pupils has urged schools to be a more socially cohesive and responsible participant in community relations as well as boost closer home-school partnerships. Information and Communication Technology (ICT) is at the nous of facilitating this challenge and connecting home and school through an array of initiatives. Firstly it offers social unitsale opportunities for children by providing continuity of learning outside regular school hours and parents provide appropriate mentoring, challenge and support. This presupposes the ICT infrastructure within schools can cope with the fast growth of collaborative learning and schools need to formulate cohesive and appropriate e-learning strategies.Secondly it empowers parents to support their childrens learning vis--vi s responsibility, informed choice and appropriate support. Impact on the engagement of parents can be profound through skilful use of a schools website or realistic learning environment to suggest how parents can supplement and support the national curriculum. There is the scope for wider engagement as long as ICT is use in a meaningful way. It has benefits for both parents and schools parental participation will increase if they are given a real voice which in turn provides schools with raw data on how best to serve the interests of its pupils and their parents.Thirdly, the home environment is a hub of learning powered by the dynamics ofthe internet and schools can provide valuable advice and guidance to parents on the use of ICT to support pupil learning outside the classroom. Some schools have set up homework clinics and utilize parents as on-line experts to bring together the racy tapestry of ICT and parental resources in educating children. Again this presupposes parents hav e a unsounded and intimate relationship with ICT skills and such skills have to be framed around legitimate data protection issues.Finally, it acts as a focus for a culture of learning within the community as a whole but this almost presents more challenges than rewards. For instance, should the level and location of remote vex be fixed or mobile or perhaps a combination of both, what are the logistics of this and what are the financial costs of such access, how can secure and safe access to personal work files be guaranteed, how can genuine collaborative engagement with other learners be rendered, how do parents try and respond to the assessment of their childrens e-learning and how and who will provide appropriate parental training to enable them to fully support ICT home-school practice. Nevertheless a modern ICT home-school partnership offers up an abundance of resources outside the skirt of traditional teaching methodology and offers substantial potential for fostering posi tive learning attitudes amongst children.Mills (1996) has recorded that whilst many schools have developed hefty home/school links with parents, especially through reading schemes, on that point has been less success in nonage language communities and suggests that schools have found that cultural and linguistic differences have created barriers to collaboration and this has impacted negatively upon childrens academic progress and motivation at school. Similarly, Berk (2004) observes that many ethnic minority parents are uncomfortable about going to school and often lack the skills, knowledge and confidence to support their childrens progress in mass culture language work. Ofsted (2000) claims black and ethnic minority pupils are disadvantaged by an education system that perpetuates inequalities. This then creates a barrier to fostering sufficient levels of parental involvement amongst ethnic minorities.Mills (1996) describes the experiences of Asiatic parents in Birmingham, mos t particularly those from Pakistani, Northern India and Bangladeshi cultures. Evidence from initiatives in two Birmingham primary schools to foster home-school links yielded a number of recommendations for schools in minority language communities.These include the development of books and information in a variety of local languages as well as the use of multicultural materials and activities within the school for all pupils to generate an atmosphere of greater understanding and inclusion for all children, regardless of cultural background. Most importantly, as Mills (1996) asserts, parents need to feel positively welcomed by the school through the creation of a genuinely open environment. Berk (2004) underlines this view and suggests that teachers must make extra efforts to integrate ethnic minority values and practices into classroom look and on a regular basis contact parents who dont come to conferences and school events. numerous commentators have situated the notion of partner ship between schools, parents and the community within the wider context of school ethos and inclusive practice. Dyson (1997), for example, has observed that many of the educational difficulties experient by children, such as disaffection, disruption and underachievement are associated with social disadvantage. Croll (2002) underlines this and highlights the clear links, also, between parental socio-economic status and social, emotional and behavioural problems, as well as the learning difficulties which come under the banner of special educational needs. Parents experience of high levels of stress, perhaps in poorer, run-down neighbourhoods, can adversely affect not only their interactions with their children but also their transaction with education and related services (Beveridge, 2004).Teachers may hold stereotypical, negative views of such families which impede the quality of home-school relationships. Bastiani (1997) points out the increasing recognition that there is a dive rsity of successful parenting styles and that teachers can acknowledge this and adopt a more positive approach which builds on parents own strategies for raising their children. bullock block (1998) and White (1997) have reported on successful Portage schemes for parents of children with learning difficulties involving short-term learningtargets agreed with parents. Beveridge (2004), however, highlights the potential stigmatising effects of these schemes when they are limited to families with children deemed as having special educational needs and argues that these specific strategies should be available for all families.The current push for schools to be placed at the centre of the community (DfES, 2003) has been championed by Berk (2004) as a prime opportunity to nurture the collaborative work of teachers, parents and children. She cites Connors and Epstein (1996) who argued that when parents are involved in school activities, talk regularly with teachers, monitor their childs pr ogress and help with homework, children show better academic achievement (Berk, 2004, p.206). It seems that the strategies adopted by schools to establish well-set home/school links must be situated within the wider educational ethos and practice of the school in order to be truly effective. Factors such as co-operative dialogues, joint problem-solving, staff training and support are flagged up as key objectives for the whole school in order to provide experiences for children that are as encouraging, enriching and educative as possible. (Berk, 2004).Within the aline spirit of partnership, however, the ethos of the learning community demands that all those involved in this inclusive enterprise of educative enrichment need to play an active role. Thus, as Berk (2004) suggests, parents also have a responsibility to become knowledgeable about what constitutes high quality education and they can then press for better classroom experiences for their children. Teachers and parents, toge ther with children, need to build bridges and it seems crucial that each plays an active role if their strategies are to be truly reciprocal and successful. Further to this the childs perspective is an integral part of this reciprocity. youngsterren are active social agents and not merely passive recipients of learning processes and they have a personal perspective on their own experiences, aspirations and needs which cannot be inferred from having adults speak on their behalf (Beveridge, 2004).In conclusion, then, primary schools can do much to engender strong home/school links, particularly through the cultivation of more positive andnon-judgemental attitudes towards families, in recognition of the contribution that all families can make towards their childrens education whatever their social and cultural background. As commentators such as Beveridge (2004) and Berk (2004) have highlighted, however, true partnership implies that all those involved, adults and children alike, have a role to play in the development of successful collaborative strategies. 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